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Swedish Academy

Coordinates: 59°19′31″N 18°4′14″E / 59.32528°N 18.07056°E / 59.32528; 18.07056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Svenska Akademien" redirects here. For the band, see Svenska Akademien (band).

Swedish Academy
Svenska Akademien
Formation20 March 1786; 238 years ago (20 March 1786)
TypeRoyal academy
HeadquartersStock Exchange Building, Stockholm
Membership18 members
Permanent secretary
Mats Malm
Websitesvenskaakademien.se

The Swedish Academy (Swedish: Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highest Swedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body that chooses the laureates for the annual Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.

History

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Official logo of the academy

The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III. Modelled after the Académie française, it has 18 members. It is said that Gustaf III originally intended there to be twenty members, half the number of those in the French Academy, but eventually decided on eighteen because the Swedish expression De Aderton – 'The Eighteen' – had such a fine solemn ring.[1] The academy's motto is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The academy's primary purpose is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity of the Swedish language" ("Svenska Språkets renhet, styrka och höghet") (Walshe, 1965).

The building now known as the Stockholm Stock Exchange Building was built for the bourgeoisie. The bottom floor was used as a trading exchange (this later became the stock exchange), and the upper floor was used for balls, New Year's Eve parties, etc. When the academy was founded, the ballroom was the biggest room in Stockholm that could be heated and thus used in the winter, so the King asked if he could borrow it.

The academy has had its annual meeting there every year since, attended by members of the Swedish royal family.[2] However, it was not until 1914 that the academy gained permanent use of the upper floor as their own. It is here that the academy meets and, amongst other business, announces the names of Nobel Prize laureates. This task arguably makes the academy one of the world's most influential literary bodies.

Members are elected by a secret ballot in the Academy and before the result is made public it must be submitted to the Academy's Patron, the King of Sweden, for his approval. Members of the Academy include writers, linguists, literary scholars, historians and a prominent jurist. Initially writers were in the minority in the Academy, but during the twentieth century the number of writers grew to represent more than half of The Eighteen. The Swedish Academy have a long history of being a heavily male dominated institution, but the Academy has recently moved towards better equality. Since 20 December 2019 one third of the chairs belong to female Academy members.[3]

Prior to 2018 it was not possible for members of the academy to resign; membership was for life, although the academy could decide to exclude members. This happened twice to Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, who was excluded in 1794, re-elected in 1805 and excluded again in 1811. In 1989, Werner Aspenström, Kerstin Ekman and Lars Gyllensten chose to stop participating in the meetings of the academy, over its refusal to express support for Salman Rushdie when Ayatollah Khomeini condemned him to death for The Satanic Verses, and in 2005, Knut Ahnlund made the same decision, as a protest against the choice of Elfriede Jelinek as Nobel laureate for 2004.[4][5][6] On 25 November 2017, Lotta Lotass said in an interview that she had not participated in the meetings of the academy for more than two years and did not consider herself a member any more.[7]

Dag Hammarskjöld's farm in Backåkra, used as a retreat for academy members

Dag Hammarskjöld's former farm at Backåkra, close to Ystad in southern Sweden, was bought in 1957 as a summer residence by Hammarskjöld, then Secretary-General of the United Nations (1953–1961). The south wing of the farm is reserved as a summer retreat for the 18 members of the Swedish Academy, of which Hammarskjöld was a member.

On 11 April 2019, the academy published its financial statements for the first time in its history.[8] According to it, the academy owned financial assets worth 1.58 billion Swedish kronor at the end of 2018 (equal to $170M, €150M, or £130M).

The Swedish King is the only person who, apart from the members, has the right to attend the meetings of the academy. On 3 March 2022 the Swedish King attended a weekly academy meeting, the first time a Swedish king has done so in over 200 years.[9] [10]

2018 controversies

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Katarina Frostenson (Seat 18) was accused of leaking classified information from the Nobel Committee's deliberations, and her husband accused of sexual assaults and harrassments.

In April 2018, three Swedish Academy members (Klas Östergren, Kjell Espmark, and Peter Englund) resigned in response to a sexual-misconduct investigation involving author Jean-Claude Arnault, who is married to the member Katarina Frostenson.[11] Arnault was accused of sexual assault and harassment by at least 18 women. He and his wife were also accused of leaking the names of prize recipients on at least seven occasions so friends could profit from online bets.[12][11] He denied all accusations, although he was later convicted of rape and sentenced to two years and six months in prison.[13][14][15] Sara Danius, the permanent secretary, hired a law firm to investigate if Frostenson had violated the Academy's regulations by leaking any confidential information and whether Arnault had any influence on the Academy, but no legal action was taken. The investigation caused a division among the members of the Academy. Following a vote to stop Frostenson's membership, the three members resigned in protest over the decisions made by the Academy.[11][16] Two former permanent secretaries, Sture Allén and Horace Engdahl, called Danius a weak leader.[11]

On 10 April, Danius was requested to resign from her position by the Academy, bringing the number of empty seats to four.[17] Although the Academy voted against removing Katarina Frostenson from the committee,[18] she voluntarily agreed to withdraw from participating in the academy, bringing the total of withdrawals to five. Because two other seats were still vacant from the Rushdie affair, this left only 11 active members. On 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the selection would be postponed until 2019, when two laureates would be chosen. It was still technically possible to choose a 2018 laureate, as only eight active members are required to choose a recipient. However, there were concerns that the academy was not in any condition to credibly present the award.[19][20][21][22]

The scandal was widely seen as damaging to the credibility of the prize and its authority.[11] As noted by Andrew Brown in The Guardian in a lengthy deconstruction of the scandal:

"The scandal has elements of a tragedy, in which people who set out to serve literature and culture discovered they were only pandering to writers and the people who hang around with them. The pursuit of excellence in art was entangled with the pursuit of social prestige. The academy behaved as if the meals in its clubhouse were as much an accomplishment as the work that got people elected there."[23]

King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden said a reform of the rules may be evaluated, including the introduction of the right to resign in respect of the current lifelong membership of the committee.[24] On 5 March 2019, it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Literature would once again be awarded, and laureates for both 2018 and 2019 would be announced together. The decision came after several changes were made to the structure of the Swedish Academy as well as to the Nobel Committee members selection, in order to "[restore] trust in the Academy as a prize-awarding institution".[25] On 19 November, the Swedish Academy added five temporary external members to help its five-strong Nobel Committee in their deliberations for the 2019 and 2020 awards: author and literary translator Gun-Britt Sundstrom; publisher Henrik Petersen; and literary critics Mikaela Blomqvist, Rebecka Karde and Kristoffer Leandoer.[26] Just after two weeks, two of the newly added external members, Sundstrom and Leandoer, left the committee, with the latter saying the work to reform the scandal-hit Swedish Academy was taking too long. "I leave my job in the Nobel Committee because I have neither the patience nor the time to wait for the result of the work to change that has been started," Leandoer said.[27]

The Academy's dictionaries

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In pursuance of its goals of maintaining and strengthening the Swedish language, the Academy publishes three dictionaries.[28] The first is a one-volume spelling dictionary called Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL), which is in its 14th edition. The second is a multi-volume dictionary (38 volumes so far), edited on principles similar to those of the Oxford English Dictionary, entitled Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB), the first volume of which was published in 1893 and the last one in 2023.[29] The third is a two-volume dictionary edited at Gothenburg University and titled Svensk ordbok utgiven av Svenska Akademien ('Swedish dictionary published by the Swedish Academy'); it covers modern Swedish and includes pronunciations, etymologies etc, as well as definitions and some examples. In addition to printed publications, all three dictionaries are also available to access free of charge online at svenska.se.

In addition to the dictionaries the Academy has also published a four-volume grammar of the Swedish language (Svenska Akademiens grammatik, SAG) aimed at researchers, linguists and university students among others, as well as a single-volume counterpart for those requiring something less comprehensive (Svenska Akademiens språklära, SAS).

Awards and prizes

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Since 1901, the Swedish Academy has annually decided who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel.

The Swedish Academy annually awards nearly 50 different prizes and scholarships, most of them for domestic Swedish authors. Common to all is that they are awarded without competition and without application. The Dobloug Prize, the largest of these at $40,000, is a literature prize awarded for Swedish and Norwegian fiction.[30][31]

The Great Prize

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Swedish: Stora Priset, literally the Great Prize, was instituted by King Gustav III. The prize, which consists of a single gold medal, is the most prestigious award that can be awarded by the Swedish Academy. It has been awarded to, among others, Selma Lagerlöf (1904 and 1909), Herbert Tingsten (1966), Astrid Lindgren (1971), Evert Taube (1972) and Tove Jansson (1994).

Other awards

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The academy awards around 50 prizes each year. A person does not have to apply nor compete for the prizes.

Full list of awards (in Swedish)

Current members

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See also: List of all members, past and present, of the Swedish Academy

The current members of the Swedish Academy listed by seat number:

Seat Picture Member Born Age Elected Notes
1. Eric M. Runesson 1960 64 2018
2. Bo Ralph 1945 79 1999
3. David Håkansson 1978 46 2023
4. Anders Olsson 1949 75 2008 Permanent secretary 1 June 2018 - 1 June 2019[32]
5. Ingrid Carlberg 1961 63 2020
6. Tomas Riad 1959 65 2011
7. Åsa Wikforss 1961 63 2019
8. Jesper Svenbro 1944 80 2006
9. Ellen Mattson 1962 62 2019
10. Peter Englund 1957 67 2002 Permanent secretary 2009–2015.
11. Mats Malm 1964 60 2018 Permanent secretary
12. Per Wästberg 1933 91 1997
13. Anne Swärd 1969 55 2019
14. Steve Sem-Sandberg 1958 66 2020
15. Jila Mossaed 1948 76 2018
16. Anna-Karin Palm 1961 63 2023
17. Horace Engdahl 1948 75 1997 Permanent secretary 1999–2009
18. Tua Forsström 1947 77 2019 Resigned 20 December 2024[33]

Permanent secretaries

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Order Seat Picture Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy Born Years Notes
1. 11. Nils von Rosenstein 1752 1786–1824
2. 13. Frans Michael Franzén 1772 1824–1834
3. 12. Bernhard von Beskow 1796 1834–1868
4. 5. Johan Erik Rydqvist 1800 1868–1869 pro tempore
5. 15. Ludvig Manderström 1806 1869–1872
6. 12. Carl Gustaf Strandberg 1825 1872–1874 pro tempore
7. 9. Henning Hamilton 1814 1874–1881
8. 11. Bror Emil Hildebrand 1806 1881–1883 pro tempore
9. 8. Carl David af Wirsén 1842 1883–1912 pro tempore in 1883–84
10. 6. Hans Hildebrand 1842 1912-1913 pro tempore
11. 11. Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1864 1913–1931
12. 14. Per Hallström 1866 1931–1941
13. 13. Anders Österling 1884 1941–1964
14. 7. Karl Ragnar Gierow 1904 1964–1977
15. 14. Lars Gyllensten 1921 1977–1986
16. 3. Sture Allén 1928 1986–1999
17. 17. Horace Engdahl 1948 1999–2009
18. 10. Peter Englund 1957 2009–2015
19. 7. Sara Danius 1962 2015–2018
20. 4. Anders Olsson 1949 2018-2019 pro tempore April–June 2018[34][32]
21. 11. Mats Malm 1964 2019-

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Litteraturbanken | Svenska klassiker som e-bok och epub".
  2. ^ "Royal attendance at the formal gathering of the Swedish Academy". Kungahuset.se. Swedish Royal Court. 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  3. ^ The Academy Swedish Academy
  4. ^ "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest". BBC News Online. BBC. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  5. ^ Associated Press, "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree", MSNBC, 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
  6. ^ Harding, Luke (12 October 2005). "Nobel winner's work is violent porn, says juror". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  7. ^ Därför lämnade Lotta Lotass Svenska Akademien, 25 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Svenska Akademiens verksamhetsberättelse för 2018" (in Swedish). 11 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Kungen dök upp på Akademiens möte: "Det var nog 200 år sedan det inträffade"". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Kungen deltog i sammankomst". Swedish Academy (in Swedish). Swedish Academy. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d e Christina Anderson (12 April 2018). "In Nobel Scandal, a Man Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct. A Woman Takes the Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  12. ^ Tim Parks (4 May 2018). "The Nobel Prize for Literature Is a Scandal All by Itself". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  13. ^ "Tougher sentence for Jean-Claude Arnault after appeals trial". The Local. No. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  14. ^ Malmgren, Kim; Wikström, Mattis (1 October 2018). "Jean-Claude Arnault döms till två års fängelse" [Jean-Claude Arnault sentenced to two years in prison]. Expressen. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  15. ^ Andersson, Christina (20 April 2018). "Nobel Panel Admits Inquiry Found Sexual Misconduct, but Nothing Illegal". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "Sexual Misconduct Claim Spurs Nobel Members to Step Aside in Protest". The New York Times. Reuters. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  17. ^ Åkerman, Felicia (12 April 2018). "Sara Danius lämnar Svenska Akademien" [Sara Danius leaves the Swedeish Academy]. Dagens Industri. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  18. ^ Christopher Hooton (4 May 2018). "Nobel Prize in Literature will not be awarded this year after sex abuse allegations". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018.
  19. ^ "Nobel Prize for Literature postponed amid Swedish Academy turmoil". BBC. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  20. ^ Press release. "Svenska Akademien skjuter upp 2018 års Nobelpris i litteratur". Svenska Akademin. Swedish Academy. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  21. ^ Wixe, Susanne (10 April 2018). "Detta har hänt: Krisen i Svenska Akademien – på 3 minuter" [Previously: The crisis in the Swedish Academy in 3 minutes]. Aftonbladet. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  22. ^ Christina Anderson; Palko Karasz (2 May 2018). "Why There Won't Be a Nobel Prize in Literature This Year". The New York Times.
  23. ^ Andrew Brown (17 July 2018). "The ugly scandal that cancelled the Nobel prize". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  24. ^ "Nobel Prize-awarding Swedish Academy weighs reforms after controversy". Stockholm: Reuters.com. 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018.
  25. ^ The Nobel Prize (5 March 2019). "Nobel Prize in Literature to be awarded again". Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  26. ^ "Swedish Academy names new jury members for Nobel Prize in literature". Gulf Times. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  27. ^ "Two members leave Nobel literature committee, lamenting slow pace of change". reuters.com. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  28. ^ Store norske leksikon (2005–2007) (6 October 2017). "Svenska Akademien". Store norske leksikon.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ "Official Swedish dictionary completed after 140 years". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  30. ^ Website of the Swedish Academy describing the prize (Swedish language)) Archived 16 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Store norske leksikon (2005–2007) (30 November 2021). "Doblougprisen". Store norske leksikon.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ a b Anders Olsson Svenska Akademien
  33. ^ "Svenska Akademiens högtidssammankomst 2024". Svenska Akademien.
  34. ^ "Sara Danius ersättare: "Samtal med kungen ledde fram till detta"". Expressen (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 April 2018.

Other sources

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  • Walshe, Maurice O'Connell (1965). "Introduction to the Scandinavian Languages", Andre Deutsch Ltd., 1st edition, p. 57
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